We are interested in identifying the neurobiological basis of age- and menopause-related cognitive decline. We utilize electron microscopic techniques to examine synaptic and mitochondrial ultrastructure as well as molecular profiles in key brain areas mediating cognitive functions. We are also interested in the effects of estrogen on the brain and the ways in which it can restore cognitive and synaptic functions in aged menopausal animals. Results from our research have important implications for treating age- and menopause-related cognitive symptoms in humans.